Stories from my Father: the liberating army
The war crimes that Russian President Vladimir Putin, his generals and his army are committing against Ukrainians —openly and shamelessly raping, torturing and murdering civilians, leaving cities and towns in rubble — are shocking, but to some Holocaust survivors and their descendants, these events provoke traumatic memories…writes Janine Winkler.
The author’s father, Cantor Andre Winkler, in the summer of 1944, digging petroleum tunnels while in forced labor camp. Photo courtesy of Janine Winkler.
Though I was at first transfixed to the television at images of the atrocities, I now turn away; as more and more horrifying atrocities are exposed, the “second generation” trauma that many children of Holocaust survivors like myself experience have washed over me like dirty water. Who would have ever thought that words such as “ the new Auschwitz” or “mobile crematoria” or “ filtration camps” would be lifted from World War II history books and transposed into the vernacular of the 21st century?
Yet to compare the atrocities perpetrated by the Nazis to the indiscriminate barbarism we are now witnessing in real-time ascribes a discipline and competence that has historically been lacking in the Soviet and Russian Armies. How Russian soldiers treated Jewish survivors after the war is a subject that is not often discussed. They were not met with the empathy or care shown by their American counterparts.
The initial images of enormous Russian tanks rumbling down peaceful country roads could not help but remind me of the stories that my late father told me about his interactions with this so-called “liberating army.” By some method of intergenerational transference, these stories have entered into my own psyche and need to be retold.
In 1944, just after Passover, the Germans invaded Hungary, my father’s family was moved into a ghetto and then transported to Auschwitz. My father, like many other young and strong Jewish boys, was forced into a civilian labor battalion under the control of the notorious Hungarian gendarmes.
In the winter of 1944, as the Russians came closer, his labour force was moved towards the German territories to avoid being captured by the Russians. Hungarian command was transferred to the SA, the German Stormtroopers, who forced thousands of Jews, from teenage boys to men in their fifties, to dig wide and deep trenches, sometimes with their bare hands, to stop advancing Russian tanks.
During that time, my father lived day by day. The prisoner labourers knew that at any time the German guards could take them into the forests and shoot them, that their overseers were not answerable to anyone. As with many survivors, some stroke of luck — my father eschewed the word “ miracle” as implying a “chosenness” that six million others, including his parents, were denied — allowed him to survive.
On the day he was liberated, my father recalled in an interview, one of the Jewish boys saw a Russian soldier on horseback appear.
“There was such a feeling of hope that this aroused in us,” he said. “We didn’t know what to say after all the hardships we had been through.”
The exhilaration they felt was immediately tempered as my father witnessed a Russian soldier demand a watch from one of the boys. “The Russians were mad about watches,” my father said. “They just took it from him.”
The Jewish boys soon recognized that the Russian soldiers were not at all moved by what had happened to the Jews during the war. In fact, the survivors of the labour force were warned that Russian soldiers were on the lookout for those who had worked so hard for the Germans.
As my father and his friends returned home to search for any family survivors, they knew to sit in dark train carriages as Russian soldiers roamed the aisles fulfilling quotas for boys to take to work in the coal mines of Siberia. My father recalled seeing Jewish boys on their knees, begging not to be taken after being imprisoned by the Germans for four years.
“They couldn’t care less,” my father said. “If they were instructed to take 25 people they would take 25 people, not caring who they were or what they had been through.”
The Soviets were the first to liberate a concentration camp in 1944, Majdanek, and Soviet troops were the first to liberate Auschwitz, in January
1945. The Soviets were unmoved by the horrors they uncovered, according to Lawrence Rees, who produced the BBC documentary “Auschwitz: The Nazis And The Final Solution,” based on his book of the same name.
“They did horrible things to them,” a woman survivor who witnessed Soviet soldiers raping and killing Jewish woman told him. “Right up to the last minute we couldn’t believe that we were still meant to survive. We thought if we didn’t die of the Germans, we’d die of the Russians.”
One story in particular, tucked away in our own family’s history, reverberates in the most disturbing stories we hear from Ukraine, some 75 years later.
My father’s brother had married a young Jewish Slovakian woman during the war. After the war, on a train to her hometown, they were approached by a Russian soldier. The young woman, Suvi, was wearing a gold necklace.
“Apparently a Russian soldier wanted to take that gold chain,” my cousin recounted. Suvi refused. “The soldier pulled out a gun and shot her right in front of my father. Then he opened the door and pushed her out of the train.”
For many survivors, it is impossible to forget what happened to the Jews who suffered at the hands of the Russians, after they had suffered at the hands of the Nazis. Those who knew my father also knew that his war time experiences defined his entire life. At this moment in history and as my father’s daughter, I cannot just look away. What we are now witnessing echoes in the memories of a shameful past. As difficult as it may be, they once again demand remembering.
“What the Russians did with the Jews after the war was unforgivable,” my father said. “They were animals, not human beings, in my opinion. No one said to them that when you go out looking for workers and meet Jews, you
must be good to them because they were persecuted. They figured that anyone who had not been able to resist the Germans, would not resist them.”
Janine Winkler was born and raised in Sydney and now lives in Los Angeles.
Her father, Rev Andre Winkler was the cantor at the South Head Synagogue in Sydney now Kehillat Kadimah.
A version of this column originally appeared at forward.com.
I remember Rev Winkler well from his many years as the chazan with the most beautiful voice at North Shore Synagogue. He had a volatile temper but more than that I recall his warmth.
Rev Andre Winkler is well remembered in our family. We lived on the North Shore during his term as Chazan at the Lindfield Synagogue. His rich baritone voice made all services, but especially the closing of the Yom Kippur service each year, a memorable experience. He shared his personal grief with the whole congregation. Our son Jonathan, now sixty six years of age, benefited from Andre’s superb tuition to deliver a musical treat on the occasion of his barmitzvah. We send our thanks to Janine for reminding us of one of the great survivors.
Thank you for sharing your thoughts and feelings and the story of your father and other family members, Janine. It is both timely and right that you do so.
What a truly horrific situation that after surviving Nazi camps and the Germans, so many Jews had then to survive the Russians. The utter callousness and ruthlessness of those Russians you refer to is something never to be forgotten.
my father had a similar experience. amazingly he told us he would buy German goods before buying Russian.