Shabbat Pinchas: Succession
Pinchas was the grandson of Aharon, the zealot who took the law into his own hands.
There was a crisis over the leadership in response to the tribe of Moab. They had tried to stop the advance of the Israelites through magic. And when that did not work, they sent the women in. They succeeded not just in seducing some of the leading figures of the tribes but also got them involved in idolatry. Moshe and Aharon seemed unable to respond. It was Pinchas who took a spear and bought the insurrection to a bloody if controversial end. Here he is praised and re-instated as a priest.
The Torah this week raises issues of leadership and succession. Pinchas should have been the natural leader if zealotry had been regarded as appropriate for leadership. But Pinchas does appear to have been a candidate.
The first example of succession concerns the allocation of tribal territory when the Israelites would eventually move into the land of Canaan. The five daughters of Zelophchad a man who had died earlier, turn to Moshe claiming that the division of the land is unfair because it was made only according to the males. In their case, because their father had only daughters the family was going to miss out on the allocation of land which they thought was unfair, so they put their plea to Moshe.
“The daughters of Zelophchad, of the tribe of Menashe came forward. Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah stood before Moshe, Eleazar the priest, the chieftains, and the whole assembly, at the entrance of the Tent of Meeting, and said,
“Our father died in the wilderness. He was not one of the faction, Korah’s faction, which banded together against the Lord, but died for his own sin; and he has left no sons.
Let not our father’s name be lost to his clan just because he had no son! Give us a holding among our father’s kinsmen!” (Chapter 27:1-11).
Moshe referred the request to God who agreed with them. This was a remarkable decision and all the more so because it required specific authorization from God over and above the Constitution to make this exception. And the Torah goes on to give a series of laws about inheritance and the fair allocation of land in Canaan which although was meant specifically in fact became the basis of further legislation.
Given the nature of male society at that time it was remarkable that these women felt able to stand up in public for their rights. I have never heard of anyone called Zelophchad but the five remarkable daughters’ names are quite common Hebrew names nowadays. And with good reason. This episode is one kind of succession.
The second issue of succession concerns Moshe. The Torah repeats the fact that he’s about to die before the people reach the land of Canaan.
“God said to Moshe, “Ascend these heights of Abarim and view the land that I have given to the Israelite people. When you have seen it, you too shall die, as your brother Aharon has.’ ( Chapter 27:12-14).
Although Moshe knows his end is near, he doesn’t yet know who God will approve of to take over from him. In this moving statement, he outlines not only the need for effective leadership but the nature and the quality of the leadership he’s looking for ( and zealous Pinchas is not included). He asks,
“Appoint someone over the community who shall go out before them and come in before them, and who shall take them out and bring them in, so that they may not be like sheep that have no shepherd.”
The reply comes.
“Single out Yehoshua son of Nun, a spiritual man, and lay your hand upon him. Invest him with some of your authority, so that the whole of the Israelite community may obey…And Eleazar the priest, shall on his behalf seek the decision of the Urim and on this basis, he will lead the Israelites and the community” ( Chapter 27:15-23).
The description of the ideal successor is someone who can deal with people. But also lead them in war and peace and at the same be spiritual, someone who will be constrained by the Urim, the priestly oracle, and the law. Yehoshua had these qualities and more. He had served and been trained by Moshe as his assistant and absorbed some of his qualities. On occasion, Moshe had corrected him. And then he laid his hands on him as a sign of approval.
Based on this episode, two conditions were later adopted for rabbinic authority. Shimush which means practical experience from a master, religious apprenticeship. And Semicha the formal laying of hands, as a sign of authorisation, which is nowadays done with a document.
Two models that connect leadership not just to power, but giving people access to justice, and fairness and allowing them to state their cases.
Numbers 25:10-30:1.
Rabbi Jeremy Rosen lives in New York. He was born in Manchester. His writings are concerned with religion, culture, history and current affairs – anything he finds interesting or relevant. They are designed to entertain and to stimulate. Disagreement is always welcome.
