‘Double Agents’: Israeli study explores interaction between immune system and cancer
A new Tel Aviv University study, which examined the response of the immune system to cancer, may help the war against the ailment.
The Israeli study followed the development of a glioblastoma brain tumour in animal models with a normal immune system, with the objective of simulating the development of the tumour in humans.
The findings of the study showed that there are immune system cells that though their primary function is to attack and kill the cancer cells, actually act as “double agents” that increase and intensify the aggressiveness and threat of the tumour.
The study was led by Dr. Dinorah Friedmann-Morvinski of the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, and her PhD student and Prerna Magod Also participating in the study were Dr Liat Rousso-Noori and Ignacio Mastandrea, also from the Faculty of Life Sciences, as well as other researchers from the Sackler Faculty of Medicine at Tel Aviv University and the Weizmann Institute of Science.
Glioblastoma is the most common type of brain cancer, and one of the most violent and deadly cancers in humans, as the average life expectancy of glioblastoma patients is 12 to 15 months from the moment of detection.
The researchers explain that usually, the scientific monitoring of the development of the cancerous tumour in animal models is carried out without an active immune system to enable the absorption and growth of cancer cells in the body. The disadvantage of this commonly-used model lies in the fact that the immune system does not function properly, which prevents researchers from monitoring the interaction between it and the tumour cells.
The study used a model that examined the development of cancer cells in animal models with functioning immune systems. This allowed cancer to grow gradually to a massive tumour, which enabled the close monitoring of its development, and throughout the process, of the interaction between the cancer cells and different immune system cells.
The researchers found that cells called neutrophils play a critical role in interacting with cancerous growth. Neutrophils are immune system cells that originate in the bone marrow, and whose purpose is to “swallow” or kill bacteria and fungi and fight the infections caused by them.
“Neutrophils are the front-line soldiers of the immune system,” said Dr Friedmann-Morvinski. “When a tumour begins to develop, the neutrophils are among the first to mobilize and attack it in order to eliminate it.”
The researchers found that the neutrophils remain in close proximity to the tumour throughout its development, and are continuously and consistently recruited from the bone marrow. The surprising thing that was discovered during this study is that the neutrophils “change sides” and fight it, but over time, the neutrophils recruited to the cancerous area begin to support its development.
“We learned that the neutrophils actually change their role. They are mobilized by the tumour itself, and from being anti-cancerous, become pro-cancerous; as a result, they aggravate the damage that the tumour itself creates,” Friedmann-Morvinski explained.
“The study showed that the change in the properties of neutrophils takes place in the bone marrow itself – where there is no tumour at all. The cancerous tumour is located only in the brain, and from there it succeeds in changing the properties of the cells it recruits,” added Friedmann-Morvinski.
The findings of the study may shed light on immunotherapeutic therapies, which have been gaining momentum in recent years. In one type of immunotherapy treatment, T cells are removed from the patient’s body, processed, and returned to the body with increased healing abilities.
These revelations are apparently the first steps towards deciphering the mechanism of interaction between the immune system and violent cancerous tumours.
TPS
